Estimation of turbulent sensible heat and momentum fluxes over a heterogeneous urban area using a large aperture scintillometer     

Sang-Hyun Lee  Jun-Ho Lee  Bo-Young Kim 《大气科学进展》2015,32(8):1092-1105

The accurate determination of surface-layer turbulent fluxes over urban areas is critical to understanding urban boundary layer (UBL) evolution. In this study, a remote-sensing technique using a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) was investigated to estimate surface-layer turbulent fluxes over a highly heterogeneous urban area. The LAS system, with an optical path length of 2.1 km, was deployed in an urban area characterized by a complicated land-use mix (residential houses, water body, bare ground, etc.). The turbulent sensible heat (Q H) and momentum fluxes (τ) were estimated from the scintillation measurements obtained from the LAS system during the cold season. Three-dimensional LAS footprint modeling was introduced to identify the source areas ("footprint") of the estimated turbulent fluxes. The analysis results showed that the LAS-derived turbulent fluxes for the highly heterogeneous urban area revealed reasonable temporal variation during daytime on clear days, in comparison to the land-surface process-resolving numerical modeling. A series of sensitivity tests indicated that the overall uncertainty in the LAS-derived daytime Q H was within 20%-30% in terms of the influence of input parameters and the non-dimensional similarity function for the temperature structure function parameter, while the estimation errors in τ were less sensitive to the factors of influence, except aerodynamic roughness length. The 3D LAS footprint modeling characterized the source areas of the LAS-derived turbulent fluxes in the heterogeneous urban area, revealing that the representative spatial scales of the LAS system deployed with the 2.1 km optical path distance ranged from 0.2 to 2 km2 (a "micro-α scale"), depending on local meteorological conditions.  相似文献   

An equilibrium cloud-resolving modeling study of diurnal variation of tropical rainfall     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2015

The diurnal variation of tropical rainfall is examined through the analysis of an equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiment. Model domain mean rain rate is defined as a product of rain intensity and fractional rainfall coverage. The diurnal variation of the mean rain rate is associated with that of fractional rainfall coverage because the diurnal variation of rain intensity is significantly weakened through the decrease in rainfall in early morning hours. The decrease in rainfall corresponds to the reduction in secondary circulations through the barotropic conversion from the perturbation kinetic energy to the mean kinetic energy under the imposed negative vertical gradient of westerly winds. The fractional rainfall coverage shows the diurnal signal with the maximum in the early morning hours primarily due to nocturnal infrared radiative cooling.  相似文献   

Tropical Cyclone Energy Dispersion and Possible Self Maintenance Mechanism of the Synoptic Scale Wave Trains     

Zhou Xiaqiong  Ge Xuyang 《气象与环境科学》2015,38(1):14-25

The interaction between tropical cyclone (TC) and the large-scale mean flows such as the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is investigated using a three-dimensional primitive equation model. Once a TC develops in the vicinity of the ITCZ region where satisfies both barotropic and baroclinic instabilities, the southeastward energy dispersion from the TC may disturb the ITCZ and thus help its breakdown. Cumulus convection can be organized in the region of cyclonic circulation, and the interaction between convective heating and the perturbation circulation may enhance the development of the waves, leading to the generation of a new tropical cyclone to the east. While the TC moves to the high latitude, the ITCZ will reform. Though repeating of this process, a synoptic-scale wave train oriented in the northwest-southeast direction can be generated and self-maintained. The results suggest that the mutual interaction among the low-frequency background flow, wave train pattern and TCs provides a possible mechanism for the origin of the summer synoptic scale wave train pattern over the western North Pacific.  相似文献   

洛阳地区太阳能资源分析与评估   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

朱学玲  李红卫 《气象与环境科学》2015,38(1):67-72

根据1981—2010年郑州辐射站太阳辐射和日照资料、洛阳地区9个气象观测站日照资料,采用气候学计算、线性趋势分析等方法和资源丰富程度、利用价值、稳定程度等指标,对洛阳地区太阳能资源进行了计算、分析和评估。结果表明:洛阳地区多年平均总辐射为4842.4MJ·m-2·a-1,总体呈显著减少趋势,减少速率为每年1.4MJ·m-2。夏季辐射丰富,冬季偏少,夏季总辐射量是冬季的2倍;月平均总辐射5月最多(569.7MJ·m-2),12月最少(241.9MJ·m-2);年总辐射孟津最高,为4922.8MJ·m-2·a-1,宜阳最少,为4681.1MJ·m-2·a-1。多年平均日照时数为2064.7h,总体呈显著减少趋势。春季日照时数多,冬季少,春季日照时数比冬季多33.37%;月平均日照时数5月最多(217.3h),2月最少(138.2h);年日照时数孟津最多(2144.9h),宜阳最少(1909.2h)。洛阳各地属太阳能资源丰富区,利用价值较高,各月日照时数6h的天数为9.8~18.1天,全年为162.7~185.3天;太阳能资源也比较稳定,月最大日照时数12月6h的天数为16.9天,是月最小日照时数7月的1.48倍,12月至次年1月不利于太阳能利用。  相似文献   

滦河流域碳、水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验总体设计     

阎广建  赵天杰  穆西晗  闻建光  庞勇  贾立  张永光  陈德清  姚崇斌  曹志宇  雷永荟  姬大彬  陈良富  柳钦火  吕利清  陈镜明  施建成 《遥感学报》2021,25(4):856-870

始于20世纪80年代的系列大型遥感试验开始系统研究地表物质和能量交换过程,对遥感与地球系统科学研究的结合起到重要作用,但是尚无综合利用多源遥感数据解决碳、水、能量循环问题的有效方案。遥感科学国家重点实验室于滦河上游地区组织开展基础性、多学科、多尺度的"碳、水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验"。本次试验面向地球系统科学对遥感观测的最新要求,以遥感如何服务地—气过程研究为关键科学问题,开展星—机—地多尺度遥感综合观测和地面测量,论证中国自主设计的碳、水、能量相关卫星的技术指标,基于大场景真实结构模拟和多尺度综合观测构建虚拟遥感试验场,验证全波段遥感机理模型和复杂地表辐射传输机理。核心试验区位于地势较为平坦的闪电河流域和地形复杂的小滦河流域。闪电河流域主要地类为农田和草地,开展的试验以水循环和能量平衡遥感综合观测为主。小滦河流域主要地类为森林和草地,以碳循环遥感综合观测为主。两个试验区都开展了系统性的多架次飞行试验,并同步开展地面全波段、主被动协同观测。特别设计了一次长达165 km的大跨度飞行试验,横跨两个试验区,包含了地表类型和海拔高度的逐渐过渡。从2017年的预实验开始,整个试验为期5年。基于科学目标驱动、开放、协作、共享的原则,本次试验吸引了10个大型国家科研项目,4个卫星计划团队,19家单位200人次参加,是中国主导的又一次具有明确科学目标的大型多学科交叉遥感综合试验。  相似文献   

夜间灯光遥感对城市发展类动能与相似性评估   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘冰洁  陈佐旗  余柏蒗  杨成术  邱炳文  涂越 《遥感学报》2021,25(5):1187-1200

评估城市发展水平与制定城市规划和城市发展政策息息相关。已有研究表明人口、国内生产总值(GDP)等统计数据和夜间灯光遥感数据能够用来衡量城市发展水平,但大多研究只关注城市发展总量,忽视了发展速度对城市发展的影响。因此,本文基于2012年—2019年Suomi NPP-VIIRS (Suomi National Polar-OrbitingPartnership-Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite)夜间灯光遥感数据,提出了兼顾城市发展水平和增速的夜间灯光类动能指数用于测度城市发展类动能;利用动态时间规整DTW (Dynamic Time Warping)算法构建了城市发展类动能相似性检测分析框架,并基于相似性检测结果对全国328个城市进行了等级划分。相较于2019年第一财经公布的一至五线城市,本文城市等级划分结果表明,在同一等级中的城市发展更为相似和合理,也证明了城市发展类动能更有利于城市发展水平的评估;以长江三角洲城市群为例,进一步验证了城市发展类动能和基于DTW相似性检测方法用于评估城市群发展情况与合理性的潜力。综上所述,基于夜间灯光遥感的城市发展类动能估算与相似性分析方法能够较好地评估城市发展水平,为城市分级与城市群发展评估提供科学依据。  相似文献   

一种CORS站高程序列噪声识别算法     

吉长东  吕广涵  张恒璟  崔东东 《测绘科学》2021,46(3):8-16

针对能量密度谱判断噪声与信号主导模态分界点性能不稳定的问题,该文提出基于夹角余弦的分界点判断方法。该方法首先利用EEMD对CORS站高程数据进行分解,其次计算原始信号与各阶模态分量的夹角余弦值,最后根据夹角余弦值的首次逆向转折位置判定噪声主导模态和信号主导模态的分界点。以4个CORS基准站近20年原始高程时间序列信号为研究对象,对噪声与信号模态分量分界点进行判定,实验结果表明采用基于夹角余弦的判定方法可以一次判断出噪声和信号模态分量的分界点。该方法应用到CORS站高程信号与噪声序列的识别中性能更加稳定。  相似文献   

饱和孔隙介质中非均匀震电平面波   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

崔志文  高文阳  张言  王克协 《岩土力学》2011,32(9):2810-2814

采用描述地下流体饱和孔隙介质中弹性波与电磁场耦合现象的Pride方程组,利用Helmholtz分解,求解了非均匀震电耦合平面波解,推导了流体饱和孔隙介质中传播的非均匀震电平面波的能流表达式,讨论了非均匀震电平面波的能量特征.结果表明,非均匀震电平面波的平均能流在传播矢量和衰减矢量构成的平面内传播,伴随电磁场对纵波模式的能流没有贡献.当动电耦合系数为0时,震电平面波的能流表达式可退化为Biot弹性波的能流表达式。  相似文献   

时间域拉东变换的实现及其改进     

王跃  许庆国 《物探与化探》2011,35(6):860-864

介绍了时间域拉东正反变换的基本原理及该项技术在地震数据处理中的应用。以Ng和Perz的算法为基础,以开发地震勘探处理与解释系统为实例,解决了实验中遇到的拉东正变换时收敛精度、反变换数据无损还原和截断信号引起的能量扩散、低信噪比情况下的滤波等问题,进一步研究了改进算法在其他地形下应用问题。  相似文献   

Theoretical Prediction of Gibbs Free Energies of Formation for Crystalline α-MOOH and α-M2O3 Based on a Linear Free-Energy Relationship     

SUN Xiaoming 《《地质学报》英文版》2011,85(3):656-660

In the present study, the modified Sverjensky–Molling equation, derived from a linear-free energy relationship, is used to predict the Gibbs free energies of formation of crystalline phases of α-MOOH (with a goethite structure) and α-M2O3 (with a hematite structure) from the known thermodynamic properties of the corresponding aqueous trivalent cations (M3+). The modified equation is expressed as ΔG0f,MVX=aMVXΔG0n,M3++bMVX+βMVXγM3+, where the coefficients aMVX, bMVX, and βMVX characterize a particular structural family of MvX (M is a trivalent cation [M3+] and X represents the remainder of the composition of solid); γ3+ is the ionic radius of trivalent cations (M3+); ΔG0f,MVX is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of MvX; and ΔG0n,M3+ is the non-solvation energy of trivalent cations (M3+). By fitting the equation to the known experimental thermodynamic data, the coefficients for the goethite family (α-MOOH) are aMVX=0.8838, bMVX=?424.4431 (kcal/mol), and βMVX=115 (kcal/mol.?), while the coefficients for the hematite family (α-M2O3) are aMVX=1.7468, bMVX=?814.9573 (kcal/mol), and βMVX=278 (kcal/mol.?). The constrained relationship can be used to predict the standard Gibbs free energies of formation of crystalline phases and fictive phases (i.e. phases that are thermodynamically unstable and do not occur at standard conditions) within the isostructural families of goethite (α-MOOH) and hematite (α-M2O3) if the standard Gibbs free energies of formation of the trivalent cations are known.  相似文献